English Core 期末対策

名詞＋それを修飾する語すべて（冠詞・代名詞・副詞・形容詞＋名詞）。文中で主語・目的語・補語になる。

例: an interesting example / my happiest memory / a very strange experience

前置詞＋名詞（句）。at home / with great pleasure / behind the closed door など。

Verb phrase=動詞＋助動詞（has been eating）／Infinitive phrase=to+動詞＋修飾語（to visit China）／Gerund phrase=動名詞＋修飾語（Working in the city...）

Independent=単独で文として成立。Dependent=主語+動詞はあるが because/since/when 等で始まり単独では未完結（fragment）。

例: Because doctors help people. ＝未完結。Because doctors help people, they are important. ＝完結。

that, whoever, whom, who, which, whose, how, if, where, what, why, whether, whatever, whomever, when

例: I think that she cooks very well.（think の目的語）

Time: before/after/when/since/while/as soon as
Cause & Effect: because/since/now that/as/as long as
Condition: unless/if/even if/only if/whether
Opposition: even though/whereas/although/while/though

Topic sentence = 結果（effect）を1文で述べる → Supporting sentences = その原因（cause）を1・2・3と列挙

例: Topic: "Traffic in the city has gotten much worse." → Cause1: 人口増加 Cause2: 公共交通の減少 Cause3: リモートワーク減少

Topic sentence = 原因（cause）を1文で述べる → Supporting sentences = その結果（effect）を1・2・3と列挙

例: Topic: "Fast food has become very popular." → Effect1: 肥満増加 Effect2: 生活習慣病 Effect3: 伝統料理の衰退

Priming（プライミング効果）＝先行する刺激（色・言葉・レア感・韻）が、無意識のうちに購買判断に影響する現象。広告主はこれを使って消費者を説得（persuade）する。

3つの戦略: Feel-good factor（幸福感の演出）／ Celebrity power（有名人効果）／ The perfect family（理想家族の演出）。色では赤＝温かみ・ポジティブ、緑＝自然・健康的。

A Imagine you're shopping, and you see two similar products. How do you decide which one to buy? You might think you make this decision by yourself—but this isn't always the case. Try this: APPLE TREE GRASS GR________

B What was the first word you thought of? Did you think of "green"? That's probably because the words "tree" and "grass" made you think of the color green. This is an example of priming.

C Psychologist Joshua Ackerman explains that priming is a way to "use cues to influence your attitudes … often without even noticing." Priming speeds up our decision-making. That's why advertisers use it to persuade us to buy things.

D Use of color is one type of priming. Studies show that red gives people warm and positive feelings. Green makes products seem natural — food companies often use green packaging to make food seem healthy.

E Descriptions in ads also influence buying decisions. Studies show that if an ad says there's a limit to the number of items you can buy, you'll want more of them — something becomes more attractive if it's rare.

F Sounds in ads also influence decision-making. Advertisers sometimes use rhymes. A study at the University of Texas found that people are more likely to believe a rhyming message than a non-rhyming one with the same meaning.

訳: A.買い物中に似た商品2つのどちらを買うか、自分だけで決めていると思うかもしれないが、必ずしもそうではない。B.最初に浮かんだ言葉は「green」だったはず——それは「tree」「grass」という語のせい。これがプライミングの例。C.心理学者ジョシュア・アッカーマンは、プライミングとは「無意識のうちに態度に影響を与える手がかりを使うこと」だと説明。D.色の使用もプライミングの一種——赤は温かく前向きな感情を、緑は自然さ・健康的な印象を与える。E.広告の記述も購買判断に影響する——「数量限定」は欲求を高める（レアなものほど魅力的に感じる）。F.広告の音も影響する——韻を踏むメッセージは、同じ意味でも韻のないものより信じられやすい。

A On April 22, 1970, millions of people paraded through American cities to support the environment. It was the first Earth Day. Journalist Charles Mann remembers the crowd had mixed feelings — happy to celebrate the Earth together, sad because it was in trouble.

B Speakers told crowds the world was in terrible condition: about 1 in 4 people lacked enough food; rivers like the Tiber and Mississippi were full of trash; leaded gasoline polluted city air.

C Happily, many problems did not get as bad as experts feared. There has been "a huge surge in human well-being": 90% of people have enough food today (up from ~75% in 1970), and average life expectancy increased by more than 13 years.

D Some of the worst environmental problems have improved too: water pollution has decreased, smog is less of a problem, and no country makes leaded gasoline anymore.

E These improvements haven't helped everyone — millions still live in poverty. But by past standards, billions of people's lives are better.

F The first Earth Day started a trend toward helping the Earth. Today over a billion people celebrate it. We face new problems (like climate change) — but maybe we can solve those too.

訳: A.1970年4月22日、第1回アースデイ。群衆は複雑な感情（喜びと悲しみ）。B.当時は世界の状態が悪かった（4人に1人が食料不足、河川汚染、有鉛ガソリン）。C.実際は専門家の懸念より改善——食料充足率90%（1970年は約75%）、平均寿命13年以上延長。D.水質汚染減少、スモッグ軽減、有鉛ガソリン全廃。E.改善の恩恵は不均等（貧困は残る）が、過去基準では大半の暮らしは向上。F.アースデイは環境問題に取り組む流れを作った。今日10億人以上が祝う。新しい課題（気候変動）にも取り組める。

正誤問題の答え: 1970年開催都市→NG（本文に記載なし）／1970年の大気汚染→T／今日の水質汚染→F（減少した）／今日鉛ガソリンを作る国→F（0カ国）／気候変動が今日の課題→T

A Seventeen heads sit on shelves at a warehouse in Copenhagen, Denmark, waiting to be attached to bodies. They are the work of Danish sculptor Thomas Dambo, who creates huge trolls from "trash wood" — wood he finds on the ground or that people don't want anymore.

B When completed, Dambo puts the trolls outside in green spaces. One project featured 5–7 meter-tall trolls in parks around Denmark. Since 2014, he has put trolls in other green spaces worldwide — South Korea, China, Puerto Rico, France, the U.S.

C Dambo uses trash wood found in each country. In Puerto Rico, he recycled plywood that had covered windows during a hurricane. In Maine, U.S.A., he used old pallets from a hardware store. For hair in the Denmark trolls, he used fallen branches and twigs.

訳: A.コペンハーゲンの倉庫に17個の頭部——デンマーク人彫刻家トーマス・ダンボの作品。ゴミの木材から巨大なトロールを作る。B.完成後は緑地に設置。あるプロジェクトでは5〜7mのトロールをデンマーク各地の公園に。2014年以降、韓国・中国・プエルトリコ・フランス・アメリカなど世界各地にも設置。C.各国で見つけたゴミの木材を使用——プエルトリコではハリケーン時の窓板ベニヤをリサイクル、メイン州では金物店の古いパレット、デンマークでは森の落ち枝・小枝を髪に使用。

Scanning＝目的の情報だけを素早く探す読み方。数字→日付/金額、大文字語→人名/地名を探す（穴埋め指定なし・通常の読解練習）。